Florida: Protections Against Intimidation of Voters and Election Workers

Voters in Florida have the right to vote free from intimidation under federal and state law. footnote1_PPZDNhucZlIG5Tdm2J2DZNetKijjeWKMvF3v-3fsA_s3HPxsoo8s8a1 See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 594, 241; 52 U.S.C. § 10101(b); Fla. Stat. §§ 104.0515(3), 104.061(1), 104.0615(2), 102.031(4)(a). Federal law broadly prohibits intimidation, threats, or coercion throughout every stage of the election process;footnote1_BcvQOOIKUXGeKEH7W3g5AHuRr5JgRTq49Ewq0BIsDU_i49lHcHbhrim1 See U.S. Department of Justice, Voting Rights Fact Sheet (Sept. 2024), https://www.justice.gov/crt/media/1366636/dl (summarizing federal laws that protect against intimidation). more information on the federal protections that apply to all states can be found here. In addition, the following actions are specifically prohibited by Florida law:

• Intimidating, threatening, coercing, or attempting to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person to vote or not vote, or to vote for or not vote for a particular candidate.footnote2_v8VqvM0-Cf0bqrCDYMpNOFL24ZLQtn8rjB8Ivlsq9sY_r0VldAYMwkvA2 Fla. Stat. § 104.0515(3).
• Using bribery, menace, threat, or other corruption to influence, deceive, or deter any person from voting or to interfere with the free exercise of a person’s right to vote at any election.footnote3_t4lFvBqsC9XmS8EhP2-ek53y1l4xMnEf2QLYvfV9YQ_hxSDddngZ6El3 Fla. Stat. § 104.061(1).
• Using force, violence, or intimidation or any tactic of coercion or intimidation to induce or compel any person to vote or refrain from voting, to vote or refrain from voting for a particular candidate or ballot measure, or to refrain from registering to vote.footnote4_KQqEHyiXREMACrtaXd8vzCY9TZtzWBWqO-Lmcd9VE_rBDhbnNnYVYo4 Fla. Stat. § 104.0615(2)(a)-(c).
• Soliciting voters inside a polling place or within 150 feet of a secure ballot intake station or the entrance of a polling place.footnote5_8LOAbwdr8RiPvdSgJHWrKU8–2PdN2BxISZzX-5-s_eh46DJCSYnP45 Fla. Stat. § 102.031(4)(a).

The below addresses the laws that serve as guardrails against specific threats of intimidation.

Voter Challenges

Although Florida law permits any registered voter or poll watcher to challenge the eligibility of another voter in that county,footnote6_X-fsfFPivoJJ43w35K-UsW8y-R2MuokNOvIMggkV0I_n9MWXkkXsZqN6 Fla. Stat. § 101.111(1)(a). state law also provides some guardrails:

• Challenges must be made in writing and under oath to the clerk or inspector.footnote7_TRcQ1k8yKbZdtbjWA4Hj4lFqQ3uYAH8Qts7MKt5N340_uUG3FJ32HJrP7 Fla. Stat. § 101.111(1)(a).
• A copy of the oath is delivered immediately to the challenged voter by the clerk or inspector, and the voter is entitled to cast a provisional ballot.footnote8_m5dygw3yeqt3S8ILBeOJQLDHyt-g5NShqdz53z-zBQ_pLz1RdRQ5CAf8 Fla. Stat. §101.111(1)(b)1.
• If the challenge is based on the voter’s residence, the challenged voter must first be given an opportunity to execute a change of legal residence form so that they can vote a regular ballot.footnote9_AqMOkjPYxsX5-cEFFImK-fMhS6f0xWcDzlv5hUiOt-w_ojMVSeqcRTKv9 Fla. Stat. §101.111(1)(b)2.
• Voters may provide further evidence of their eligibility to the supervisor of elections until 5 p.m. on the second day after Election Day.footnote10_wXEbi9ptpYEGapCOYjVK1bSfKSbJil4xbuWXi3eGZaY_sVYufGgGgCrO10 Florida Division of Elections, Florida Voter Guide, November 2023, 21,https://files.floridados.gov/media/707256/final-voterregvotingguide-eng-2024-election-cycle-20231110.pdf.
• Submitting frivolous challenges is a misdemeanor, and each instance of a frivolous challenge constitutes a separate offense.footnote11_rzbvz1Ut7-TXzd6juLNNsaQk-IGMHXsqpvqFHkRpKjE_gW0xtOovBlMS11 Fla. Stat. § 101.111(2).
• Knowingly using false information to challenge a voter is a felony.footnote12_UebB1K2avyXiDKRc9o153v0i87L9D3kFR2srCZlVyEI_mAaN86lsAEFr12 Fla. Stat. § 104.0615(3)(a).

The National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) provides additional safeguards to protect voters from mass challenges before an election:

• The NVRA expressly recognizes that National Change of Address information is not sufficient on its own to serve as the basis for canceling a voter’s registration.footnote13_PLl6vSUctQ9PTGM3shI44UyFWwX0znRa3QTtakW9uDg_qzzZtDOdxGrI13 52 U.S.C. § 20507(c)(1)(B).
• The NVRA prohibits the systematic removal of voters from the rolls within 90 days of a federal election.footnote14_gMU4pKaaGGtR0djXke9owYAHAATVZbmZt7GBXP2Bc7Y_cQ2eg7b79vyW14 52 U.S.C. § 20507(c)(2)(A).

The Brennan Center and All Voting Is Local published a detailed resource on the limits on voter eligibility challenges in Florida here.

Intimidation of Poll Workers and Election Officials

In addition to federal protections against the intimidation of election workers, it is a felony in Florida to use or threaten to use force, violence, intimidation, or coercion to induce an individual to refrain from acting as an election official.footnote15_Y4qqf1GDnACWSdLfIY2KfnaocLo4lndMe7LynNL6-k_bslouTN0NqH915 Fla. Stat. § 104.0615(2)(d). It is also a felony to knowingly use false information to induce or attempt to induce an individual to refrain from acting as an election official.footnote16_hJ1DL2rTwJWJlWgoU3djeDHCiSyrkFBCIyI4xkxqjcA_iusQ2qW2fxTL16 Fla. Stat. § 104.0615(3)(c).

Voter Intimidation by Poll Workers

The Brennan Center and All Voting is Local published a detailed resource on the rules and constraints for Florida poll workers here.

Intimidation by Poll Watchers

In addition to Florida’s voter intimidation laws detailed above, the state places limits on who may serve as poll watchers and what they may and may not do:

• Watchers must be registered to vote in the county in which they serve, and only one watcher per political party and one watcher per candidate may be in each polling room or early voting area at any given time.footnote17_Tk5ukhBfXA7woGuYkd3ambOQQ9GD3v42QFkn99qYx0c_d3G8CJoIXxia17 Fla. Stat. § 101.131(1).
• Law enforcement and candidates may not serve as poll watchers.footnote18_sd2ITCmYlmB2p95sRwFozqbozrm-QaSdFIIjhF9YiIw_xyJ2wGEbioIE18 Fla. Stat. § 101.131(3).
• Watchers must wear their identifying badge issued by the supervisor of elections.footnote19_VrpO0OwFZRgEWKhG3kYf5LgM95UzkKjxLHDgUgcc4XM_vJCRjjDmKrEr19 Fla. Stat. § 101.131(5).
• Watchers may not take photographs or recordings of any kind inside the polling room or early voting site, nor may they interact with any voters.footnote20_VHLIjEurnNlALNCU5dif6OPx01ztRG4WvOHB7lJ54pU_qLYeB4bdybeG20 Florida Division of Elections, Polling Place Procedures Manual, April 2020, 11–12, https://files.floridados.gov/media/703005/adopted-clean-de11_pollplaceprocmanual.pdf; Fla. Stat. §§ 101.131(1), 102.031(5).
• Watchers are prohibited from wearing campaign buttons, shirts, hats, or other campaign items.footnote21_596fyLT35b1zydXvGm5ZNprtFrhH1BQq2wX7oLrxDo_rHHmskOD9KWS21 Florida Division of Elections, Polling Place Procedures Manual, 12.
• Watchers may not obstruct the orderly conduct of an election or come closer to the inspectors’ table or the voting booths than is reasonably necessary to properly perform their function as watchers.footnote22_5zvEhsFGPHQS20koEAo8LYJfMX2qVol64yN6Ny0ml4g_qPznXx7af3Fc22 Fla. Stat. § 101.131(1).

Election officials and poll workers may remove from a polling place any poll watcher who abuses their role.footnote23_iGb-yrnUCcudWXSSSmi4xtIjLcYeXpggTowsk8MF8cY_fsU9dae6iQH723 Fla. Stat. § 102.031(1), (4)(c).

The Brennan Center and All Voting Is Local published a detailed resource on the rules and constraints on Florida poll watchers here.

State and Local Law Enforcement

Sheriffs are required to deputize a deputy sheriff at each polling location.footnote24_TQLxy9csCZURwAi6njF3Ltjg1PBAdmvc222sntiIaA_qWgQHkaLOa4q24 Fla. Stat. § 102.031(2). Deputies may be in plain clothes and are not armed. In practice, they may be recruited by the election official in the jurisdiction and are often former poll workers. Deputy sheriffs are subject to all lawful commands of the clerk or inspectors at each polling place and each early voting site.footnote25_TQLxy9csCZURwAi6njF3Ltjg1PBAdmvc222sntiIaA_cgOHx2VPL8iP25 Fla. Stat. § 102.031(2). Law enforcement officers are otherwise not permitted in polling places except to cast a ballot, unless they have permission from the election clerk or the majority of the election inspectors.footnote26_KhUGz304DZe7FirseVBcKSDHbNGkr9qbbTb9FBBAsE_agtgtG0pqWmO26 Fla. Stat. §§ 102.031(3)(a)6, 102.101. If any officer refuses to comply, the clerk or inspectors may make an affidavit against the officer for their arrest.footnote27_U3hMhnIsA8rXXx6U86CWmCAQ32–6rjYjsJ6l7CvsbxA_xeQ3smBGAvAY27 Fla. Stat. § 102.101.

Guns at Polling Places

Guns and other weapons, apart from those belonging to law enforcement officers who have been authorized by a law enforcement agency to vote while on duty and who are required to carry a weapon while on duty, are prohibited at polling places.footnote28_6jK6jhLio22XMYMMBbb3ARGHGCm8yHB3mEQ1sRkjVI_hJSU6gv3AA6428 Fla. Stat. § 790.06(12)(a)(6); Op. Att’y Gen. Fla. 1993–37 (1993). Therefore, the presence of any such firearm in or around a polling place should be treated as intimidation.

Even at locations where firearms are not expressly prohibited, firearm carry may constitute unlawful intimidation. Such conduct may consist of carrying a visible firearm while near a polling location or at a drop box or vote-counting site, displaying a concealed firearm during a discussion or argument with a voter or election worker, or approaching a voter or election worker while displaying a firearm.

Door-to-Door Intimidation

Florida and federal law prohibit canvassing efforts that are used to intimidate voters.footnote29_HxyfSZwOtlqFl8B9wAyuWDHYOjYUVOKcasCY3ZUz9c_pwFG4cBKWAgO29 18 U.S.C. §§ 594, 241; Fla. Stat. §§ 104.0515(3), 104.061(1), 104.0615(2). Any voter who receives a visit from a privately organized canvassing group does not have to answer any questions and should report any incidents of intimidation to their local officials. Additionally, it is a felony in Florida to impersonate or deliberately act as a public officer.footnote30_ZtdQ2hPmoTV4zaCuZv55gBl2Nz0sCb3xPm9JvcMpfpI_sGTCNzVBNJ5t30 Fla. Stat. § 843.0855(2).