Limits on Observers and Challengers at the Polls

Despite the president’s recent call for volunteers to “watch closely” at the polls, individuals cannot just show up and wreak havoc in polling places.

Of course, federal law prohibits discrimination and intimidation at the polls. footnote1_rmk9zxp 1 18 U.S.C. § 594. Voter intimidation of any kind is a crime, and prohibitions on intimidation apply equally to poll watchers and challengers.

But even beyond these baseline rules, nearly every state has laws designed to curb aggressive behavior by poll watchers and challengers, including limits on how many watchers or challengers are permitted, who can serve in these roles, processes for appointment, and restrictions on conduct.

Not everyone can simply show up to be a poll watcher; becoming a poll watcher is an involved process in most battleground states.

• In nearly every battleground state — Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas — poll watchers must be appointed in advance of the election by party or candidate representatives. footnote2_joeb5kr 2 Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–590; Fla. Stat. § 101.131; Ga. Code § 21–2–408; Iowa Code § 49.104; Ia. Sec’y of State, Poll Watchers Guide (Jan. 2018), https://sos.iowa.gov/elections/pdf/pollwatcherguidebook.pdf; N.M. Stat. § 1–2–27(A); N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 163–45; Ohio Rev. Code § 3505.21; 25 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 2687(a); Pa. Dep’t of State, Guidance on Rules in Effect at the Polling Place on Election Day at 1 (Oct. 2016), https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/Documents/DOS%20GUIDANCE%20ON%20RULES%20IN%20EFFECT%20AT%20THE%20POLLING%20PLACE%20ON%20ELECTION%20DAY%2010–16.pdf; Ohio Rev. Code § 3505.21(C); Tex. Elec. Code Ann. §§ 33.003–33.005.
• All nine of these battleground states affirmatively require watchers to provide some form of written confirmation of their appointment to officials, either prior to the voting period or when they arrive at voting locations. footnote3_dhnq7fe 3 Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–590(A); Fla. Stat. § 101.131; Ga. Code § 21–2–408; Iowa Code § 49.104; N.M. Stat. § 1–2–29; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 163–45(b); Ohio Rev. Code § 3505–21; 25 Pa. Stat. § 2687; Tex. Elec. Code § 33.051(a).

Many states limit how many watchers can be at the polls and what they can do.

• Most battleground states — Florida, Georgia, Iowa, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas — limit in advance the number of individuals who can serve as watchers in each polling place. footnote4_zknt4he 4 Fla. Stat. § 101.131; Ga. Code § 21–2–408; Iowa Code § 49.104; Ia. Sec’y of State, Poll Watchers Guide at 2 (Jan. 2018), https://sos.iowa.gov/elections/pdf/pollwatcherguidebook.pdf; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 163–45(a); Ohio Rev. Code § 3505.21(B); 25 P.S. § 2687(a); Pa. Dep’t of State, Guidance on Rules in Effect at the Polling Place on Election Day at 1 (Oct. 2016), https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/Documents/DOS%20GUIDANCE%20ON%20RULES%20IN%20EFFECT%20AT%20THE%20POLLING%20PLACE%20ON%20ELECTION%20DAY%2010–16.pdf; Tex. Elec. Code § 33.007.
• While poll watchers need not be designated in advance in Michigan, Nevada, and Wisconsin, footnote5_17dqo26 5 Wis. Stat. § 7.41(1); Mich. Dep’t of State Bureau of Elections, The Appointment, Rights and Duties of Election Challengers and Poll Watchers at 12 (Sept. 2020), https://www.michigan.gov/documents/SOS_ED_2_CHALLENGERS_77017_7.pdf; Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.274(1). these three states impose other restrictions so that watchers do not get out of hand. For example:
  • Wisconsin gives local election officials the power to limit the number of poll watchers and to restrict watchers’ locations. footnote6_o9cnio2 6 Wis. Stat. § 7.41(1)–(2).
  • Nevada requires watchers to sign acknowledgements that they are prohibited from talking with voters and interfering with voting, and they are expressly subject to removal from the polling place if they engage in any of the prohibited conduct. footnote7_1zhhn93 7 Nev. Admin. Code § 293.245.
  • Michigan provides standards of conduct for watchers, the violation of which will result in removal from the polling place. footnote8_pw2x2x0 8 Mich. Dep’t of State Bureau of Elections, The Appointment, Rights and Duties of Election Challengers and Poll Watchers at 12 (Sept. 2020), https://www.michigan.gov/documents/SOS_ED_2_CHALLENGERS_77017_7.pdf.

States limit who can challenge a voter’s eligibility, and how.

• Nearly half of all states either do not authorize members of the general public to serve as challengers at the polls (e.g., Ohio footnote9_i7ulajp 9 Ohio Rev. Code § 3505–20. and Texas footnote10_3obgwex 10 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 33.001; Tex. Elec. Code § 16.091. ) or restrict the number of people who can serve as challengers inside the voting space ­— including battlegrounds like Arizona, footnote11_nz8uzal 11 Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–590. Michigan, footnote12_f0ujq4y 12 Mich. Comp. Laws § 168.730; Mich. Dep’t of State Bureau of Elections, The Appointment, Rights and Duties of Election Challengers and Poll Watchers at 6 (Sept. 2020), https://www.michigan.gov/documents/SOS_ED_2_CHALLENGERS_77017_7.pdf. Montana, footnote13_e4r0wlj 13 Mont. Code § 13–13–120(1). and New Mexico. footnote14_r1i95i9 14 N.M. Stat § 1–2–25 (A)(6), (B).
• In states like Florida, Nevada, and North Carolina, only electors from the specific precinct or county may mount a challenge, limiting the risk of disruption from outsiders. footnote15_ra475pz 15 Fla. Stat. §§ 101.111, 101.131; Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.303; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 163–87.
• In Michigan, challengers must be specifically appointed and carry credentials verifying their appointment. footnote16_ctsfwi6 16 Mich. Comp. Laws § 168.730; Mich. Dep’t of State Bureau of Elections, The Appointment, Rights and Duties of Election Challengers and Poll Watchers at 4–5 (Sept. 2020), https://www.michigan.gov/documents/SOS_ED_2_CHALLENGERS_77017_7.pdf.
• Ohio, Florida, and New Mexico explicitly bar law enforcement officers from serving as challengers (or poll watchers, for that matter). footnote17_45gy6b7 17 Ohio Rev. Code § 3505.21(B); Fla. Stat. § 101.131(3); N.M. Stat. § 1–2–22(D).

States strictly regulate the conduct of challengers at the polls.

• Key battlegrounds like Pennsylvania, Florida, and Georgia (among other states) require challenges to be made by a written sworn oath. footnote18_wkflimk 18 Colo. Rev. Stat. § 1–9–202; Fla. Stat. § 101.111; Ga. Code § 21–2–230; Ind. Code § 3–11–8–20; N.H. Rev. Stat. § 659:27; N.J. Stat. § 19:15–18.2; Or. Rev. Stat. § 254.415; 25 P.S. § 1329.
• North Carolina and Montana require specific documentary evidence to sustain a challenge. footnote19_npune15 19 Mont. Code § 13–13–301(1) & Mont. Admin. R. 44.3.2109(2); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 163–90.1(b).
• Several states strictly limit the grounds on which a challenger can lodge a challenge against the voter. footnote20_ekzdxt3 20 Ark. Code § 7–5–312; Haw. Rev. Stat. § 11–25; Md. Code, Elec. Law § 10–312(a)(1); 17 R.I. Gen. Laws § 17–19–27; Vt. Stat. tit. 17, § 2564.
• Georgia, Kentucky, Michigan, Maryland, and Nevada expressly permit election officials to remove watchers or challengers who interfere with the voting process. footnote21_ioye4dc 21 Ga. Code § 21–2–408(d); Ky. Rev. Stat. § 117.318(1); Mich. Comp. Laws § 168.730; Mich. Dep’t of State Bureau of Elections, The Appointment, Rights and Duties of Election Challengers and Poll Watchers at 5 (Sept. 2020), https://www.michigan.gov/documents/SOS_ED_2_CHALLENGERS_77017_7.pdf; Md. Code, Elec. Law § 10–311(d)(2); Nev. Admin. Code § 293.245.
• Florida and Montana have rules to discourage spurious challenges, with Florida criminalizing “frivolous” challenges footnote22_zy6qduk 22 Fla. Stat. § 101.111(2). and Montana giving election officials the power to reject challenges they deem insufficient before asking the challenged voter to respond. footnote23_8lo1w72 23 Mont. Code § 13–13–301(3).

With all of these regulations in place, and with local election administrators actively preparing and coordinating with state and federal officials to keep voters safe, voters should not let fearmongering from the president, or anyone else, discourage them from casting their ballots.