Pennsylvania Election Observers: Rules and Constraints

Written and Published in Partnership with All Voting is Local.

Election observers, referred to as “poll watchers” and “authorized representatives” in Pennsylvania, are individuals who monitor polling places and ballot counting sites. While observers play an important role in providing transparency, they can also be a potential source of disruption and intimidation. For this reason, all states have a series of rules and constraints regarding who can serve as observers and what they can do. Pennsylvania’s rules on observers, which derive both from the commonwealth’s election code and from guidance issued by the secretary of the commonwealth, are:

Appointment

• Candidates on the ballot may appoint up to two “poll watchers” to each polling place, and political parties with a candidate on the ballot may appoint up to three poll watchers to each polling place.footnote1_nMZ4anJfZm5wsJ5KwkXSGGe3YoneTU-EmADl2BrgyyM_n2Kfrmt3DRnI1 25 P.S. § 2687(a); and Pennsylvania Secretary of State’s Office, 2025 Guidance Concerning Poll Watchers and Authorized Representatives (hereinafter Guidance), September 22, 2025, https://www.pa.gov/content/dam/copapwp-pagov/en/dos/resources/voting-and-elections/directives-and-guidance/2025/guidance_poll%20watchers%20and%20authorized%20representatives_092225.pdf.  However, only one poll watcher may be present in the polling place at one time for each candidate and political party.footnote2_uOJz0JjEcxQlEmTPikOZu8uWuZJNiqt5vnyZiAJ60_x84J4DDzdHqf2 25 P.S. § 2687(b). See also Guidance, 2.
• Pennsylvania law requires each poll watcher to be a registered voter of the county where the watcher serves, but not necessarily of the precinct where the watcher resides.footnote3_9NQnRo5TNs5G5GYaGx7DK2Fz1fe3hD14zJpcIsNnHo_tph3xZpnHCaO3 25 P.S. § 2687(b). See also Guidance, 1.
• All poll watchers must obtain a certificate from the county board of elections stating their name and the name of the candidate or political party they represent.footnote4_9NQnRo5TNs5G5GYaGx7DK2Fz1fe3hD14zJpcIsNnHo_uwJBQwat5Mg04 25 P.S. § 2687(b). See also Guidance, 1. Poll watchers are required by law to show their certificates to the local board of elections upon request.footnote5_uOJz0JjEcxQlEmTPikOZu8uWuZJNiqt5vnyZiAJ60_ig7lJWTjLDJG5 25 P.S. § 2687(b). See also Guidance, 2.
• Each political party and each candidate on the ballot may also designate one “authorized representative” to observe the pre-canvass and canvass of mail-in, absentee, and provisional ballots.footnote6_JCNoD5DCX7DA7x5gZyTtdunqQahBi4ruaDmRB9mJWQU_vZKhOS8PWif56 25 P.S. §§ 3146.8(g)(2), 3050(a.4)(4). See also Guidance, 1.

Role of Poll Watchers

• Watchers monitor the election from outside the enclosed space of the polling place.footnote7_OIRyhGGaROl3xxJ43FtEy1uZiD9HENVnLqM7l086i3c_tpjfppuRQbB17 25 P.S. § 2687(b). See also Guidance, 2.
• Watchers may remain in the polling place after polls close but cannot enter the enclosed space where ballots are being counted.footnote8_2aQUqTf4LxMPFUiDWMrmY1zOgGpoRMeHTzvp0SaxLU_yTrAkWPjfYvl8  25 P.S. § 2687(b). See also Guidance, 2.
• Watchers can keep a list of voters and, when no voters are present in the polling place, may inspect but not touch the official voter list under supervision of a poll worker.footnote9_OIRyhGGaROl3xxJ43FtEy1uZiD9HENVnLqM7l086i3c_geUvPgFqaufU9 25 P.S. § 2687(b). See also Guidance, 2.

• Watchers can make good faith challenges to a voter’s identity or continued residence in the election district but only if the challenge is based on actual evidence.footnote10_XNMaSnhAK1O7eKjaHwgmEfdSMwFNhFF1Om78PGzhbpU_wDrpIrQam2UC10 25 P.S. § 2687(b). See also Guidance, 3; and 25 § P.S. 3050(d). These challenges must be made directly with the judge of elections.footnote11_up94KJW3coTfGsdNTR2XMcdW49aGhoKbo5DVYgQLtM_uWzCvpFK1jVR11Guidance, 3. The Brennan Center and All Voting Is Local published a detailed resource on the limits on voter eligibility challenges in Pennsylvania here.

  Role of Authorized Representatives and Watchers at County Board Sessions

• Authorized representatives may observe the opening of ballot envelopes and the counting and recording of absentee, mail-in, and provisional ballots.footnote12_Yt7AemybMyAuRJLVHXMX3tnchCeWjfFh4m6t1VyYZzo_eMWZOyLpt6xU12 25 P.S. § 3146.8(g)(1.1)-(2). See also Guidance, 6.
• Authorized representatives may not challenge ballots during the pre-canvass or canvass, although they may make good faith challenges to an absentee or mail-in ballot before 5 p.m. on the Friday prior to an election if the challenge is based on actual evidence.footnote13_Z9ZinmAyNS-n-OaOTE-MaegTBBow30k6RBp9QSC6mz0_iscJZOJ0KgxM13Guidance, 6.
• Authorized representatives may not challenge a ballot based on a signature analysis.footnote14_Z9ZinmAyNS-n-OaOTE-MaegTBBow30k6RBp9QSC6mz0_dx2PY7SKk8bg14Guidance, 6.

Prohibited Activities

• Electioneering: It is illegal for poll watchers to conduct campaign-related activities, also known as electioneering, while inside the polling place or within 10 feet of the entrance to the polling place.footnote15_yWF4ppHyveD1qqDukFbpwbZLhO5doDzq8hPa4mL6QM_aBTQP4rFVhms15 25 P.S. § 3060(c)-(d). See also Guidance, 3. Electioneering includes soliciting votes, posting or displaying written or printed campaign materials, and handing out pamphlets or other campaign paraphernalia.footnote16_i-sQMWG5e7tM5tt17HhMSFqWqfETlkAqsvVL972n6c_hivNTiKx8Hfe16Guidance, 3. See also In re General Election 2024, No. 1520 CD 2024 (Pa. Commw. Ct. Nov. 22, 2024).
• Interacting with Voters: Poll watchers are not permitted to approach voters in the polling place.footnote17_4BcPw3Pto3pbQkEhZivF0f4nwM1rYdlAHZKw0QUFgTs_ci6WELDPMjzY17Guidance, 5.
• Intimidation or Influence: No person may threaten, harass, or intimidate voters.footnote18_bcJRSxfDSldF3cbTMPoRjqFkRF4v4N1FWXqwTeQgKc_zG1h0lPXAbtD18 25 P.S. §§ 3508, 3519, 3527, 3547. Examples of voter intimidation provided by the secretary of the commonwealth include photographing or videotaping voters, directly speaking to or questioning voters, blocking the entrance to a polling place, and disseminating false or misleading election information to voters.footnote19_up94KJW3coTfGsdNTR2XMcdW49aGhoKbo5DVYgQLtM_m4ycTHM5U50C19Guidance, 3.
• Marking Election Records: While poll watchers and authorized representatives may, under the supervision of the judge of elections or their designee, sometimes view official election records, they may never mark or alter them.footnote20_kAVuAed-Hcp0YpUkjwolByTbKZO2Nilm5hcgKWEpdJg_vCUdW5yfOD3i20 25 P.S. § 2687(b). See also Guidance, 4.
• Interference: No person, including poll watchers, authorized representatives, and watchers at county board sessions may interfere with, impinge on, or obstruct the orderly process of voting; the pre-canvass or canvass of absentee, mail-in, and provisional ballots; or election workers performing their duties.footnote21_FxU7gMIHA05GftQcDhGjZhpOkjbVR1hc4Jk5vhODhCo_lW6w2GrFSnDF21 25 P.S. § 3527. See also Guidance, 4. 
• Entering the Enclosed Space: The area that election workers mark off for voting and ballot counting is off-limits to poll watchers.footnote22_FEOWK34aXly6IGaEUSt0XF5whNvuK0SwA-1bvPTaaF0_wFHK6WycFOXN22 25 P.S. § 2687(b).
• Disclosure of Election Results: Authorized representatives may not disclose any portion of the results before the close of polls on Election Day.footnote23_OIcWWE1w9rp4XNlDpzINXJPcBxaQnsfP38DFw-7WNU_bG0JRHz9lOEL23 25 P.S. § 3146.8(g)(1.1). See also Guidance, 6.

Federal and state law strictly prohibit all people, including observers, from engaging in voter intimidation. Any action that makes a voter feel intimidated, threatened, or coerced (including any effort to prevent a voter from registering to vote, voting, or voting for or against any candidate or ballot measure) could constitute voter intimidation, regardless of whether it breaks a specific rule.footnote24_6Q6VyMzWjt8KhWEaF-u-IuUXKTKdYDKdgMUQtOlfY_u51knVozuyRC24 18 U.S.C. §§ 241, 594; and 52 U.S.C. § 10101(b). More information on the federal and state laws that protect Pennsylvania voters from intimidation can be found here.

Removal

• The secretary of the commonwealth has expressly advised that the judge of elections, as part of the judge’s duties to maintain order at the polling place, is obligated to remove poll watchers who engage in prohibited activities, including those listed in the section above.footnote25_CHa3Hi5TDcUa83yUzJoeZeP-JVqgXZTboqtPknfe5wg_i4d2iwivotLY25Guidance, 4. The authority to remove disruptive individuals is broad.footnote26_CHa3Hi5TDcUa83yUzJoeZeP-JVqgXZTboqtPknfe5wg_iqDrz7GP74PY26Guidance, 4.
• Any poll watcher or authorized representative who engages in prohibited activities may also face criminal charges.footnote27_442S0cmemtW5iDQQspU4zLZNpeDwvXxJjVv7qWMYh9o_eaBLBUJRE8S427 See, e.g., 25 P.S. §§ 3508, 3519, 3527, 3547. See also 52 U.S.C. § 10307(b).
• Election workers may contact law enforcement for assistance in removing disruptive people, including poll watchers and authorized representatives, but should use sound judgment in deciding whether doing so is necessary.footnote28_9FedsMuhdZVbvgeASDyHUM4YM2Xeww3IVCPo6inS74_aZmugKep528C28 25 P.S. § 3047. See also Guidance, 5.